Seminari


Il Dottorato in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Science incoraggia gli studenti a seguire in grande numero di seminari organizzati dagli istituti che organizzano il corso:
- Sapienza Università di Roma, dipartimento di Fisica
- Università degli studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", dipartimento di Fisica
- INAF, Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica

Segue lista di seminari

2024


Advances in stellar and galactic evolution with the population of planetary nebula progenitors from the APOGEE DR17 survey
20/02/2024
Planetary nebulae (PNe) are the ejected gas and dust shells of Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars, which represent the late life of low- and intermediate-mass stars (LIMS). With the advent of the APOGEE DR17 survey, there is a purpose in comparing Red Giants (RGs) and PNe abundances to disclose their similarities and differences since such a comparison has been rarely, and not recently, done in the Milky Way. While we expect similarities in most of the alpha-element distributions across the two populations, given their limited evolution in LIMS, differences in Fe and S abundances allow us to determine their depletion due to grain condensation in post-AGB phases. Differences in N and C between PNe and their progenitors set new limits to their production in the late stages of LIMS evolution. Finally, we use radial metallicity gradients from RGs and PNe and Gaia-calibrated distances to constrain galaxy evolution in the framework of the current chemical evolution models.
Opening up the radio sky with VLBI
16/02/2024
In the past few decades, radio surveys have provided us with unique insights into many areas of astrophysics such as star formation, supernovae, active galactic nuclei, pulsars, cosmology and much more. A key aspect of these surveys is the technique of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) which can provide some of the highest resolutions possible in astronomy. This method has been crucial in understanding the inner workings of galaxies such as AGN-star-formation feedback, dark-matter substructures in gravitational lenses, and providing the first two direct images of a black hole shadow. VLBI has been typically limited where the largest surveys require many years of observations to build up an extensive sample. However, computational improvements have enabled us to map multiple sources within a single VLBI survey and push into the lower frequency regime through the International LOFAR telescope. In this talk, I will talk about the scientific and technical discoveries arising from such surveys and focus on the bright future of VLBI surveys. This includes the transition from the current modus operandi of a small number of surveys of a few 'famous' deep fields to a ubiquitous VLBI survey instrument. I will conclude the talk by talking about the upcoming developments in VLBI, such as the incorporation of SKA and MeerKAT, ultra-wideband receivers, and GPU-accelerated correlation and calibration.
The long and winding road towards precise and accurate ages of stars: a traveller’s perspective
14/02/2024
Our understanding of the formation and evolution of the Milky Way and galaxies is often blurred and biased by the lack of precise and accurate stellar ages. Asteroseismology, i.e., the study of global, resonant oscillation modes in stars, is providing us with a formidable tool to unveil detailed insights into the internal structure of stars, paving the path for robust age determinations. In this presentation I will discuss the ongoing efforts and recent results of the asterochronometry project, which aims to test our knowledge of stellar physics while providing precise and accurate age estimates (within 10-20%) for stars in the regions of the Galaxy surveyed by the space telescopes Kepler, K2, CoRoT, and TESS. While I will showcase examples of asteroseismology's role in reconstructing the early assembly history of the Milky Way, I will also highlight the limitations we encounter emphasising that these hurdles can only be truly overcome via an improved understanding of stellar physics. Finally, I will discuss the prospects for extending these studies to larger samples, and outline the scientific rationale for a future space mission dedicated to asteroseismology in “controlled environments”. Such a mission would transform stars into laboratories, enabling us to test stellar physics catalysing the development of next-generation stellar models.
The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer: Making History in High-Energy Astrophysics
7/02/2024
IXPE represents the momentary culmination of a long history of determined scientists with the goal of introducing two brand-new observables to the usual ones in High Energy Astrophysics. In this talk, I will illustrate how this goal was achieved, starting from the late '80s, progressing to the development of IXPE, which began with the proposal in 2014 and led to the launch on December 9, 2021, amid a pandemic and an American Government shutdown. Over the past two years, IXPE has been actively observing a variety of celestial sources, such as neutron star and black hole binaries, AGNs, magnetars, Supernova Remnants and Pulsar Wind Nebulae, just to name a few categories. The main findings for each class of objects will be presented in a cycle of seminars, starting with this one, where I will focus specifically on the scientific results that have been obtained for galactic black hole binaries, AGNs, and magnetars.
SHARP - A Near-IR Multi-mode Spectrograph conceived for the Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics Module MORFEO@ELT
6/02/2024
The world's largest aperture combined with state-of-the-art Adaptive Optics systems will enable the ELT to capture better data than the JWST in both sharpness and depth. Therefore, the spectrograph intended for the 2nd port of the Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics (MCAO) system MORFEO@ELT will be the most powerful instrument of the JWST era, revealing phenomena beyond the reach of others. SHARP (http://sharp.brera.inaf.it) is a near-IR (0.95-2.45 mu) spectrograph designed for the 2nd port of MORFEO@ELT, intended to be submitted in the upcoming ESO instrument call. Comprising a Multi-Object Spectrograph, NEXUS, and a multi-Integral Field Unit, VESPER, SHARP extends its wavelength range to ~2.45 μ. Coupled with MCAO-assisted observations, it delivers unprecedented high angular (~30 mas) and spectral resolution, outperforming NIRSpec@JWST (100 mas). MORFEO-SHARP will allow us to study the nearby and the early Universe in unprecedented detail, resolving the first galaxies and the star forming regions within galaxies far back in cosmic time, and providing spectra of individual nearby young stellar objects. This presentation introduces the scientific rationale behind SHARP, showcasing its features and inviting those interested to join the SHARP team.
Rapidly-rotating Population III stellar models
1/02/2024
The first stars, also known as Population III stars, began the process of reionization in the Universe and contributed to the metal enrichment. It is believed that they might have been fast rotators, which can have significant consequences for their radiative, mechanical, and chemical feedback. In this talk, I will present recent models using the Geneva stellar evolution code (GENEC) with fast initial rotation velocity, corresponding to 70% of the critical one in the mass range of 9 to 120Msol. I will compare the outputs of these models with those obtained with lower initial rotations, focusing on the primary nitrogen production. Other aspects of the rapidly-rotating models will be discussed, including their impact on the early chemical evolution of galaxies. Moreover, I will discuss the possibility that rapidly-rotating Pop III stars may, at least in part, explain the high N/O ratios measured in certain high-redshift galaxies, such as GN-z11 and CEERS-1019.
Searching for light dark matter
31/01/2024
The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics has been highly successful in describing the fundamental particles and their interactions in the last decades. Nevertheless, the SM leaves unanswered questions, like the origin of matter over anti-matter asymmetry in the Universe, the strong CP problem. On the other hand, the existence of dark matter (DM) is required by the cosmological and astrophysical observations. The scenario in which DM is the thermal relic of the early Universe is thus well justified. Even though well justified if the governing force is the weak interaction, the parameter space available to GeV-TeV WIMPs has reduced over recent years, so that interest has grown in “hidden” or “dark" sector models. These models assume that DM is made of particles which interact feebly with SM particles via a portal particle, thus greatly enlarging the allowed parameter space. In addition to solving the DM problem, those models postulating light dark particles could also address some anomalies in particles physics, such as the discrepancy between the experimental results and the calculated SM value of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, or the strong CP problem. Another indication of the existence of new, light (MeV-GeV) states seems to come from anomalous e+e- pairs production in nuclear physics measurements of light even-even nuclei. A panorama of ongoing and proposed experiments, capable of testing different models, is presented; those experiments explore different mass ranges and sensitivities, using different production and detection techniques. In particular, the feeble interaction with SM particles opens the possibility of producing these new particles at accelerators.
RU Lup: the accretion environment of a prototypical Classical T Tauri star
30/01/2024
While it is well established that Classical T Tauri stars accrete material from a circumstellar disk through magnetic fields, the physics regulating the processes in the inner (0.1 AU) disk is still not well understood. With its long observational history and its rich emission line spectrum, RU Lup is a prime example to study this environment. RU Lup is a monitoring target within the ULLYSES survey for Classical T Tauri stars. Optical spectroscopic observations with CHIRON and ESPRESSO were obtained simultaneously with the two epochs of the ULLYSES monitoring program for RU Lup. In this talk, I will discuss the main results obtained by analyzing this collection of data, supplemented by the two TESS observations and the archival AAVSO photometry of RU Lup. Using the high resolution ESPRESSO spectra, we improved the measurements of the stellar parameters, especially the projected rotational velocity (vsini). We determined the veiling fraction for the ESPRESSO spectra, showing that the veiling consists of two components: a continuum emission likely originating in the accretion shock and line emission that fills in the photospheric absorption lines. We detected a periodic modulation in the narrow component (NC) of the He I 5876 line with a period that is compatible with the stellar rotation period, indicating the presence of a compact region on the stellar surface that we identified as the footprint of the accretion shock. Although the brightness of RU Lup changed drastically both on daily and yearly timescales, this region is overall stable over the 3 years covered by the observations. An analysis of the high-cadence TESS light curves revealed quasi-periodic oscillations (QPO) on timescales shorter than the stellar rotation period. This suggests that the accretion disk in RU Lup extends inward of the corotation radius and the star accretes through a magnetic boundary layer (MBL). The rich metallic emission line spectrum of RU Lup might be characteristic of this accretion regime.
Relativistic jets from black hole X-ray binaries: a MeerKAT view
30/01/2024
Black hole X-ray binaries (BH XRBs) can launch powerful outflows in the form of radio-emitting discrete jet ejecta, which are generally observed to be produced during bright outburst phases and to propagate at apparently superluminal speeds. However, little is known about the powering mechanism, the formation and composition of these jets, and studying them is important for understanding both their physics and their feedback on the surrounding environment. While discrete ejecta have been historically difficult to detect and to follow in their motion away from the central black hole, the MeerKAT radio-interferometer (precursor of the SKA) is now revolutionizing the field with its exceptional sensitivity at GHz frequencies. In this talk, I will present some of the most interesting advancements that we have obtained with MeerKAT observations of BH XRBs in the last five years, as part of the ThunderKAT collaboration. More in detail, I will present the MeerKAT detection of a number of new ejecta that we observed to interact with the interstellar medium (ISM) and to strongly decelerate at parsec scales far from the black hole. In this context, covering the deceleration phase is essential for the physical modelling of the jet kinematics, and I will discuss what is possible to learn from the application of these models on the jet physical parameters and on the properties of the environment surrounding BH XRBs.
ICY SATELLITES: A MULTI-SCALE ANALYSIS TO UNDERSTAND THEIR TECTONICS
24/01/2024
The icy satellites, such as Jupiter’s Europa and Ganymede or Saturn’s Enceladus, are first class targets for future missions focused on the search of biosignatures in the Solar System. In fact, evidence of subsurface oceans indicates that such bodies may harbor potentially habitable environments and the investigation of the surface features contributes to their detection. The icy satellites show widespread deformation structures that provide insights to infer the tectonics and the mechanical properties of their crusts. Such structures represent discontinuities between crustal layers and conduits for fluid circulation that connect the surface with the deep layers, such as the ocean. Therefore, structural investigation is pivotal for the understanding of icy satellite geology, which still presents open issues. Their surfaces show a large amount of extension and strike-slip that require balancing, which is not fulfilled by the paucity of compression recognized at present. Several approaches have been proposed to unravel the tectonics of the icy satellites from remote sensing of data acquired by the past missions to the support of terrestrial analogs. We show tectonic models that allow to explore multi-scale investigations of the deformation structures of the icy satellites, and in particular of Ganymede, which is the main target of the JUICE mission.
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2023


Towards the geology of exoplanets
20 Aprile, 2023, ore 16:30 CEST
Hot rocky exoplanets offer exciting opportunities to place terrestrial geology into Galactic context, through composition measurements with JWST and Ariel. To capitalise on these opportunities we must identify the very best targets for spectroscopic characterisation. The catastrophically disintegrating exoplanets (CDEs) are the most dramatic examples of mass loss from an ablating rocky surface. They were discovered by Kepler through the variable transits of dust co-existing with metal-rich vapour, and are particularly suitable for transmission spectroscopy because the ablated material is spread over a large scale-height. But the Kepler CDEs are too faint for transmission spectroscopy. The Dispersed Matter Planet Project (DMPP) is discovering the nearby analogues and progenitors of the Kepler CDEs. DMPP uses archival stellar spectra to identify stars we view through shrouds of diffuse, metal-rich, circumstellar gas. The underlying hypothesis is that the gas is ablated from hot, close-orbiting planets. DMPP searches for the putative planets with high-precision, high cadence radial velocity measurements. The approach has been extremely successful and efficient, with planet discoveries whenever 60 RV measurements have been collected. DMPP-1 is a compact multiplanet system orbiting a star brighter than V=8. A possible CDE transit has been discovered in TESS data. DMPP-2 b is the joint-first RV planet discovery orbiting a strongly pulsating star. DMPP-3 is an eccentric binary star system with the secondary at the mass threshold for sustaining hydrogen fusion. A 2.6 Earth mass planet orbits the K0V primary star in a 6.7 day orbit, with a second Earth-mass circumprimary planet marginally detected. DMPP-3AB is in a hitherto unpopulated parameter space for binary star planetary systems. I will include updates on our latest discoveries of around 20 short period planets, including planets orbiting a star of magnitude 6, and planets orbiting a young star. We may have caught the latter system in the act of evolving out of the Neptune desert through planetary ablation. DMPP planets are likely to be viewed edge-on as ablated material will remain concentrated near the planets’ orbital planes. Thus they have high transit probability. The subset of DMPP planets which transit are thus amenable to direct empirical determinations of mass, radius and composition.

2022


Annalisa Pillepich, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg: The many diverse manifestations of supermassive black-hole feedback: from simulations to observations, and back
26 ottobre 2022
Large-volume cosmological galaxy simulations, such as IllustrisTNG, provide a holistic view on galaxies and on how their evolution depends on the interplay of internal and external physical phenomena. Among the internal mechanisms, feedback from super massive black holes (SMBHs) is commonly invoked in such numerical models to halt star formation in massive galaxies. In fact, no other mechanism so far has been shown to be capable of returning entire populations of simulated massive quenched galaxies that are consistent with the observed galaxy red sequence and quenched fractions. With simulations like IllustrisTNG we are putting together ever more quantitative and plausible evidences as to the role that feedback from SMBH can have, not only in shaping galaxy structural properties and galaxy populations across 90 per cent of the Universe’s history, but also in regulating the thermodynamical, ionization, and metal enrichment properties of the cosmic gas across halo scales and beyond. In this talk, I will use the outcome of the IllustrisTNG and other simulations in combination with current and future observational data, chiefly SDSS galaxy data and eROSITA X-ray observations, to further our understanding of the tight interconnections between SMBHs, star-formation quenching, and the physical state of the circumgalactic medium.
Pascal Oesch, University of Geneva: Galaxy Build-up During the Cosmic Reionization Epoch
4 luglio 2022
Speaker: Pascal Oesch (University of Geneva) Title: Our Panchromatic View of Galaxy Build-up at Cosmic Dawn into the JWST Era Abstract: The first deep images with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) have transformed our view of the Universe. Over the following more than two decades, HST continued to extend our cosmic horizon reaching to only ~400 Myr after the Big Bang at z~11. In combination with other observations across the electromagnetic spectrum, from the rest-frame optical with Spitzer/IRAC, and now all the way to (sub)mm wavelengths with ALMA/NOEMA, we are gaining a more and more complete census and understanding of galaxy build-up across 97% of cosmic history. Yet some critical gaps remain, mainly because (1) our galaxy samples are still mostly rest-UV selected at z>3, and (2) we still only have highly-incomplete spectroscopic information at z>6. In this talk, I will present an overview of our current understanding of star-forming galaxies at z>3 based on our panchromatic view from HST+Spitzer+ALMA/NOEMA data. This will be completely revolutionized over the next months, however, as the first observations with the JWST are being taken. In particular, JWST will provide deep rest-frame optical data out to z=10, both in imaging and spectroscopy, which is truly unprecedented. JWST will thus finally allow us to probe the physics of the first generations of galaxies that ended the cosmic Dark Ages and started the reionization of the Universe. Join Zoom Meeting https://uniroma1.zoom.us/j/81122901013?pwd=M1hnRHRXZkEyeW1QMFlPQ2FXa0dNZz09 ID riunione: 811 2290 1013 Passcode: 686688
Elena Maria Rossi, Leiden Observatory: A multi-tracer study of the Local Group of galaxies
8 giugno 2022
The Local Group, and the Milky Way in particular is a unique laboratory to study the process of galaxy assembly because of our vantage point. This is especially true in this era of current and up-coming (all sky) surveys like e.g. Gaia, WEAVE, 4MOST, DASI, LSST, and Euclid, that are delivering an unprecedented astrometric, spectroscopic and photometric view of the Galactic stellar population. In this talk, I will review my group's work --both theoretical and observational -- towards the understanding of the mass distribution and other properties of the Milky Way using different dynamical tracers such as stellar streams and hypervelocity stars. Looking at the future, I will also show my vision for Galactic studies in the LISA era, when gravitational waves will deliver complementary information with respect to electromagnetic waves.
Samaya Nissanke, University of Amsterdam: Gravitational waves and multi-messenger astrophysics
26 maggio 2022
Abstract: Since the revolutionary discovery of gravitational wave (GW) emission from a binary black hole merger in 2015, the exquisite GW detectors LIGO, Virgo and KAGRA have detected more than 90 compact object mergers. Most notably, one of these mergers corresponds to the first binary neutron star merger, dubbed GW170817. This event has been transformative because it was observed in both gravitational and electromagnetic radiation, thus opening up a new era in multimessenger astrophysics. The multi-messenger characterisation of such an event has enabled major advances into diverse fields of modern physics from gravity, high-energy and extragalactic astrophysics, nuclear physics, to cosmology. In this talk, I will discuss work in strong-field gravity astrophysics and how combining observations, theory and experiment is key to make progress in this field. I will present the opportunities and challenges that have emerged in multi-messenger astrophysics, and what the future holds in this new era. Join Zoom Meeting https://uniroma1.zoom.us/j/81122901013?pwd=M1hnRHRXZkEyeW1QMFlPQ2FXa0dNZz09 ID riunione: 811 2290 1013 Passcode: 686688
Rachel Somerville, Center for Computational Astrophysics Flatiron Institute: Developing new galaxy formation models that will help us Learn the Universe
5 maggio 2022
Understanding and simulating galaxy formation from first principles is a huge computational challenge because of the vast range of scales and rich array of physics involved. Upcoming experiments will map galaxies and gas across unprecedented volumes and probe further back into cosmic time than ever before. These experiments have the potential to probe fundamental physics questions such as the nature of dark matter and dark energy, and the initial conditions of the Universe. But in order to extract the full scientific potential from these data, we need to understand how luminous tracers (stars and gas) are related to the underlying matter density field, and we must develop techniques that can accurately forward model the galaxy formation process with a computational efficiency that is orders of magnitude higher than standard numerical hydro/N-body techniques. I will describe the philosophy and status of the SMAUG (Simulating Multiscale Astrophysics to Understand Galaxies) project, and how it will form a pillar in the new Simons Collaboration "Learning the Universe", which will combine new galaxy formation models, new machine learning techniques, and simulation based inference to obtain constraints on cosmology and astrophysics.
Georges Meynet, University of Geneva: Stars at the Extreme: First Stars, Spinstars and Supermassive Stars
6 aprile 2022
The presentation will focus on stars at some extreme either from the point of view of their mass (supermassive stars), rotation (spinstars) or initial composition (Pop III stars). The talk will begin by a general overview of the main challenges faced by the modeling of massive stars with a special focus on the transport processes in convective and radiative zones. Then the presentation will continue discussing recent results about the binary statistics of Pop III populations, the chemical and radiative feedback of Pop III stars, the evolution of very massive stars i.e. stars with masses between 150 and 300 solar masses at different metallicities addressing the question of the progenitor of Pair Instability supernovae and the limits of the mass domain for the black hole mass gap. Finally, new models for the formation of supermassive stars that are candidates as seeds for the formation of supermassive black holes at high redshift will be presented
Felix Aharonian, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies and Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics (MPIK), Heidelberg, Germany: PeVatrons and the "Century-old-Mistery" of Galactic Cosmic Rays
2 marzo 2022
Despite the recent advances in Cosmic Ray studies, the origin of Galactic Cosmic Rays (CRs) is still considered a "century-old mystery" - we do not know yet which sources contribute to CR fluxes measured in the Earth's vicinity. Identifying the major CR contributors with astronomical source populations is one of the highest priorities of the field. The best carriers of information about CR factories are gamma-rays and neutrinos - the only stable and neutral secondary products of CR interactions pointing to the CR production sites. The recent years' outstanding achievement of gamma-ray astronomy was the discovery of TeV gamma-radiation from SNRs generally supporting the SNR paradigm of the origin of Galactic CRs. On the other hand, the lack of the extension of gamma-ray spectra of young SNRs well beyond 10 TeV raises doubts about their ability to contribute to the highest energy galactic CR spectrum in the so-called "knee" region above 1 PeV. Meanwhile, the ultra-high-energy (UHE; E> 100 TeV) gamma-ray observations of the clusters of young massive stars demonstrate mounting evidence of these objects (and related superbubbles) being prime contributors to Galactic CRs at PeV energies. I will discuss these observations in the context of the concept of "Young Stars versus Dead Stars". The hunt for CR PeVatrons cannot be reduced merely to the identification of the sources contributing to the local "CR fog". The term 'cosmic rays' has broader implications; after matter, radiation and magnetic fields, the relativistic nonthermal plasma constitutes the fourth substance of the observable Universe. The localisation and exploration of physical conditions and processes in these extreme CR factories, independent of their relative contributions to the 'CR fog', is a fundamental issue in its own right. I will highlight the recent exciting achievements of UHE gamma-ray astronomy in elucidating the cites of extreme CR accelerators in the Milky Way and discuss the implications of the discovery of a large number of CR PeVatrons by the LHAASO collaboration.
Volker Bromm, University of Texas at Austin: What do we know about the first stars and galaxies?
8 febbraio 2022
I will review the emerging theoretical framework for how stars, galaxies, and black holes transformed the early universe. Predictions for the enrichment of the intergalactic medium with heavy chemical elements, the rate of supernova explosions and gamma-ray bursts, as well as the number density and properties of the first galaxies, sensitively depend on the particle-physics nature of dark matter. To constrain the elusive first generation of stars, we can bring to bear a powerful combination of probes at high redshifts and in our local neighborhood. The latter approach, known as “stellar archaeology” holds particular promise in light of ongoing and planned large surveys of metal-poor stars, both in the Milky Way and its dwarf satellites. It is exciting to contemplate the decade ahead, when the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will allow us to confront theory with observations at the edge of time.

2021


Licia Verde, ICREA and Institute of Cosmological Sciences, University of Barcelona: "The future beyond precision cosmology"
14/12/2021
The standard cosmological model (the LCDM model) has been established and its parameters are now measured with unprecedented precision. This model successfully describes observations from widely different epochs of the Universe, from the first few minutes, all the way to the present day. However, there is a big difference between modelling and understanding. The next decade will see the era of large surveys; a large coordinated effort of the scientific community in the field is on-going to map the cosmos producing an exponentially growing amount of data. But precision is not enough: accuracy is also crucial. The "unreasonable effectiveness” of the LCDM model offers challenges and opportunities. I will present some of the lines of enquiry explored by my group in this direction.
Samaya Nissanke, University of Amsterdam: "Gravitational waves and multi-messenger astrophysics"
30/11/2021

Giovanna Tinetti, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London: "Decoding the light from other worlds"
09/11/2021
Thousands of planets orbiting stars other than our own are being discovered (extrasolar planets). Since their discovery in the 1990s this field of astronomy and planetary science has exploded, being today one of the most exciting and dynamic. Even within the limits of our current observational capabilities, studies of extrasolar planets have provided a unique contribution to improving our view of the place that the Solar System and the Earth occupy in the galactic context. The arrival of more performing and dedicated facilities from space and the ground in the coming decade, will provide an unprecedented opportunity to study these worlds in great detail. In this talk, I will review highlights and pitfalls of our current knowledge of this topic and discuss the scientific and technical steps to be taken in this fascinating journey of remote exploration of the planets in our Galaxy.
Pavel Kroupa, University of Bonn and Charles University of Prague: How observations of stellar populations constrain cosmological models
19/10/2021
Quasars are found to appear a few hundred Myr after the Big Bang, but pressing matter together into super-massive black holes (SMBHs) so quickly appears to be impossible. At a later stage, the spheroidal component of a galaxy (its bulge if it is not an elliptical galaxy) is observed to show a correlation between its mass and that of the central SMBH it harbours, although spheroids with a mass lower than a few 1E9 Msun appear to only host a nuclear star cluster. I will discuss a theory for the formation of SMBHs which accounts for these observations using standard, non-exotic physics.
Ralf Klessen, Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Heidelberg: Star formation through space and time
23/09/2021
Stars and star clusters are the fundamental visible building blocks of galaxies at present days as well as in the early universe. They form by gravitational collapse in regions of high density in the complex multi-phase interstellar medium. The process of stellar birth is controlled by the intricate interplay between the self-gravity of the star-forming gas and various opposing agents, such as supersonic turbulence, magnetic fields, radiative feedback, gas pressure, and cosmic rays. Turbulence plays a dual role. On global scales it provides support, while at the same time it can promote local collapse. This process is modified by the thermodynamic response of the gas, which is determined by the balance between various heating and cooling processes, which in turn depend on the chemical composition of the material. In this talk I will try to give an overview of the our understanding of the star-formation process, discuss some examples of the recent progress in the field, and speculate about the implications for stellar birth in the high-redshift universe.
Piero Madau, Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California Santa Cruz: The dark and luminous side of structure formation
22/06/2021
The beaded filamentary network of intergalactic gas in which galaxies form and evolve, and which gives origin to a “forest” of hydrogen Lyman-alpha absorption lines in the spectra of distant quasars, encodes information on the physics of structure formation, the nature of the dark matter, the temperature and ionization state of baryons in the Universe. The potential of the Lyman-alpha forest for constraining with percent accuracy the matter density distribution on medium to small cosmological scales has motivated the construction of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), which will measure absorption line spectra backlit by nearly a million high-redshift (z >2) quasars. In this talk I will describe the multiple steps needed to connect flux fluctuations in quasar spectra to physical parameters, present an unprecedented suite of hundreds of high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations of structure formation with different thermal histories, and use it to perform a statistical comparison of mock spectra with the observed 1D flux power spectrum and other data. A likelihood analysis shows that, over the last 13 billion years, gas in the cosmic web experienced four main heating and cooling epochs.
Debora Sijacki, Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, UK: The evolution of massive black holes through cosmic times
01/06/2021
In this talk I will review current theoretical efforts in understanding supermassive black hole formation, accretion and feedback throughout cosmic time. Specifically, I will discuss possible links between large scale cosmological environments and supermassive black hole assembly and outline several possible interaction channels between active black holes and their host galaxies. In the second part of the talk I will focus on novel computational methods that allow us to follow black hole physics on much smaller scales in full galaxy formation simulations to unravel how black hole mass and spin evolve during the binary hardening stages or during launching of powerful jets.
Roberto Maiolino, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK: Quenching star formation in galaxies
18/05/2021
In the local universe stars only make up about 7% of all baryons, indicating that star formation has been extremely inefficient across the cosmic epochs. Within this context, even more impressive is the fact that in a significant fraction of galaxies star formation has been totally “quenched”, resulting into the population of passive and quiescent local galaxies. Understanding what are the mechanisms responsible for suppressing or even quenching star formation in galaxies has been one of the main challenges of astrophysics in recent years and it is one of the research areas in which most of the efforts have been directed, both in terms of cosmological simulations and in terms of observing campaigns. I will give an overview of the potential causes and physical processes that might be responsible for regulating or even leading to the complete suppression of star formation in galaxies. I will illustrate that there are a variety of possible culprits. Among these I will show that supernova explosions can play a role, but the energy injected in the insterstellar and intergalactic medium by accreting supermassive black holes can have a truly dramatic effect on their host galaxies. The environment in which galaxies live (e.g. galaxy groups or clusters) can also play an important role, by suppressing star formation especially in satellite galaxies. I will discuss observational evidence for these various effects by using results from extensive multi-wavelength datasets. I will conclude by emphasizing open, outstanding problems and the possibility of tackling them with the next generation of observing facilities.
Joseph Silk, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, The Johns Hopkins University, University of Oxford: The future of cosmology
16/04/2021
One of the greatest challenges in cosmology is understanding the origin of the structure of the universe. The cosmic microwave background and large-scale surveys of galaxies have provided unique windows for probing cosmology and its inflationary origin. But where do we go next? Future experiments are planned with the next generation of observatories that will increase the current precision of cosmological measurements by an order of magnitude. However we need to do far better if there is to be a guaranteed science return that will definitively probe our cosmic origins. I shall argue that the ultimate goal for our future strategy must be astronomy from lunar-based telescopes.
Benedetta Ciardi, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics: Exploring cosmic reionization with 21cm telescopes
09/03/2021
Cosmic reionization is the last major phase transition undergone by our Universe. Although most studies agree on the general characteristics of H reionization (for example that is driven by stars and it is mostly if not fully complete by z ≈ 6), its details are still largely unknown, among which the contribution from and role played by more energetic sources. In this talk, I will discuss the ingredients needed for a correct modeling of cosmic reionization and present results from recent radiative transfer simulations accounting for a variety of source types (such as stars, quasars, X-ray binaries). I will then discuss the observability of reionization in terms of various diagnostics associated to the 21cm signal from neutral hydrogen and present the latest results from the LOFAR radio telescope. Join Zoom Meeting https://uniroma1.zoom.us/j/89931306878?pwd=WG5RYlYyZzRSMzJsOFpSRHczWEFCZz09
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