Dottorato in FISICA E TECNOLOGIA DEGLI ACCELERATORI

Synchrotron and FEL Radiation: From the production to the use (3 ECTS)
Stefano Lupi and Salvatore Macis
Department of Physics and INFN, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
 

1. Historical Review on Synchrotron and FEL Radiation;
2. Synchrotron Radiation production: From bending magnet to insertion devices;
3. Incoherent vs. Coherent emission;
4. Quality factor of radiation: Flux, brilliance, bandwidth, repetition rate, pulse time duration and polarization;
5. Dedicated synchrotron and FEL machines and their worldwide distributions;
6. The Italian projects: Elettra and Fermi@Trieste and DAFNE, SPARC and EUPRAXIA@LNF-INFN;
7. Use of synchrotron and FEL radiation in spectroscopy and microscopy:

• Applications in the Terahertz and infrared spectral range;
• Applications in the X-Ray: Diffraction, EXAFS, and XANES;
• Photoemissions;
• Pump-Probe time resolved spectroscopy;

8. Future developments;
   
   
    

Design of Superconducting Magnets (3 ECTS)
 
Stefania Farinon (INFN Genova)
 
Introduction to superconductivity
Superconducting wires and cables
Current distribution and magnetic fields
Introduction to finite element analysis
Lorentz forces and magnet mechanics
Examples of designed and built magnets
Dissipation in variable operating conditions
Stability and protection


 
Applied Cryogenics
                                                Riccardo Musenich (INFN Genova)



Brief review of thermodynamics  
Cryogenic fluids  
Thermostating: bath, flow (thermosiphon, heat pipe, forced flow), conduction-based  
Superfluid helium  
Heat transfer mechanisms  
Techniques for reducing thermal input (dewars, cryostats, and transfer lines)  
Other sources of thermal input: non-thermal radiation, Joule effect, dissipation in superconductors under variable conditions, elastic energy release, phase transitions, gas condensation, thermo-acoustic oscillations.  
Properties of materials at low temperatures: specific heat, electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, thermal contraction, yield and breaking load, Young's modulus, resilience.  
Low-temperature thermometry  
Refrigeration and liquefaction cycles: gas expansion (isenthalpic and isentropic), adiabatic demagnetization, \( ^3\text{He}-^4\text{He} \) dilution. Real refrigerators.  
Basics of cryogenic safety 

 
Particle interactions with matter and applications for medical physics (3 ECTS)
 
G.Franciosini V.Patera (SBAI department - Sapienza Univ Roma)
 
 
1) Introduction to the course, BB, review of special relativity
2) Review of special relativity, calculation of dE/dx, range calculation, straggling
3) dE/dx for electrons, radiation, radiation length, multiple scattering
4) Decays of radioisotopes and sources of charged particles
5) Applications of charged radiation
6) Introduction to neutral radiation interactions: photon interactions (Photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, Pair production).
7)  CT & SPECT
8) PET
9) RadioTherapy with photons
10) RadioTherapy with charged particles
11) Dosimetry & relative detectors
12) Radio Protection in Space
13) Neutrons
14) Proton CT
15) Accelerators for Radiotherapy applications

 
 
The Physics of High Brightness Beams (6 ECTS)
 
Massimo.Ferrario@lnf.infn.it
INFN LNF
 
Course Description - Light sources based on high gain free electron lasers or future high energy linear colliders require the production, acceleration and transport up to the interaction point of low divergency, high charge density, short electron bunches (high brightness beams). Many effects contribute in general to the degradation of the final beam quality, including chromatic effects, wake fields, emission of coherent radiation, accelerator misalignments, etc. In particular Space Charge effects and mismatch with the focusing and accelerating devices contribute to emittance degradation of high charge density beams, hence the control of beam transport and acceleration is the leading edge for high quality beam production. In these lectures we introduce from basic principles the main concepts of beam focusing and transport in modern accelerators using the beam envelope equation as a convenient mathematical tool, suitable for any kind of charged particle accelerator. Matching conditions preserving the beam quality are derived from the model for significant beam dynamics regimes. An extension of the model to the plasma accelerator case is also introduced. The understanding of similarities and differences with respect to traditional accelerators are emphasized.
 
Course Details - The main topics discussed during the lectures will include:
-Overview of advanced accelerator techniques and their applications
-The concepts of Emittance, Brightness and Luminosity
-Relativistic dynamics recapitulation
-Phase Space and Liouville Theorem
-Beam Thermodynamics
-Longitudinal and Transverse Envelope Equations
-Space Charge Effects
-Beam Manipulation and Emittance Compensation
-Wake Fields and Instabilities
-The physics of Free Electron Lasers
-Introduction to Plasma Accelerator Physics
-The EuPRAXIA project at LNF
 
A few dedicated seminars will be given by experts in specific fields of interest related to this course. A detailed visit to the existing high brightness facility SPARC_LAB at LNF will conclude the course.
 
Essential References
[1] J. B. Rosenzweig, “Fundamentals of beam physics”, Oxford University Press, New York, 2003
[2] M. Reiser, “Theory and Design of Charged Particle Beams” , Wiley, New York, 1994
[3] L. Serafini, J. B. Rosenzweig, Phys. Rev. E 55 (1997) 7565
[4] M. Ferrario et al., Phys. Rev. Let. 99, 234801 (2007)
[5] Beam dynamics newsletter, n. 38 www-bd.fnal.gov/icfabd/Newsletter38.pdf
[6] M. Ferrario et al., Phys. Rev. Let. 104, 054801 (2010)
[7] T. Wangler, “Principles of RF linear accelerators”, Wiley, New York, 1998

 
 
 
The physical mechanisms of neutron production, detection and scattering (3 ECTS)
 
A.Pietropaolo (ENEA)
 
 
Key arguments of the course
 
1- Neutron production mechanisms:

• Fission;
• Photoproduction;
• Spallation;
• Fusion.

            2- Large Scale Facilities
            3- Neutron detection mechanisms
                  -     Neutron-nucleus interactions for detection purposes;
                  -     Gaseous detector response;
                  -     Scintillation detector response;
                  -     Semiconductor detector response.
             4- Basic theory of neutron scattering and applications

 
 
Physics, Technology and Applications of Linear Accelerators”    (3 ECTS)
 
D.Alesini  INFN LNF
 
 Focused on technology and applications of linacs with particular focus on electron linacs.
During the course some basics on simulation programs POISSON-SUPERFISH (for magnet design) and ASTRA (for beam dynamics) will also be presented.
In the following the list of topics that will be covered (In parenthesis the indicative number of hours).
 
1)    Introduction to the course and basics on LINAC accelerating structures (2)
2)    Normal conducting and superconducting structures (2)
3)    Power coupling, scattering parameters, linac technology (4)
4)    RF high power sources for particle accelerators (2) Seminar by F. Cardelli
5)    Longitudinal and transverse beam dynamics, bunching, capture sections, envelope equation (4)
6)    magnets design: basic design principle and parameters: POISSON (2) Seminar by A. Vannozzi
7)    Pumping system and basics of vacuum for linacs (2) Seminar by A. Liedl
8)    Timing and synchronization systems (2) Seminar by M. Bellaveglia
9)    Diagnostics devices (1)
10) The ASTRA CODE for beam dynamics simulations: introduction and example of photo-injector design (3) Seminar by A. Giribono
11) Thermionic electron guns (2), Seminar by L. Faillace
12) Application of proton linacs for cancer therapy (2) Seminar by G. Bazzano
13) Applications of electron linacs: injectors, Industrial applications, FEL, tomography (3)
 
 

 
Migliorati Mostacci Métral
Program on Collective Effects in Circular Accelerators (30h) (3 ECTS)
 
Wakefields (10h):

• Longitudinal and transverse wakefield
  • Definitions for a point charge
  • Definitions for a bunch
  • Short and long range wakefields
  • Expansion in cylindrical symmetry
• Coupling impedances
  • Definition of longitudinal and transverse impedances
  • Example of RLC, wake and impedance (longitudinal and transverse)
• Example of calculation of wakefields and energy loss
  • Uniform boundaries
  • Resistive wall
  • Green function method
  • Non uniform boundaries
  • Example of use of an electromagnetic code (e.g. CST)
  • Broad band impedance models

Instabilities in storage rings: longitudinal (10h):

• Revision of synchrotron oscillations
  • Momentum compaction
  • Energy oscillation
  • Finite and differential equation for a single particle and a macroparticle with wakefields
  • Longitudinal oscillations
• Robinson instability in the fundamental mode
• Fokker-Plank equation and stationary solution
  • Fokker-Plank equation
  • Haissinski equation and potential well distortion
  • Phase shift and incoherent frequency shift
  • Example of simulation code
• Perturbation methods and mode coupling
• Coupled bunch instabilities
  • Macroparticle model
  • Example of simulation code
  • High Q resonator instabilities

Instabilities in storage rings: transverse (8h):

• Transverse single bunch instabilities
  • Vlasov equation
  • Perturbation theory
  • Head-tail instability
  • Transverse Mode Coupling Instability (TMCI) => From impedance but also space charge, beam-beam and electron cloud
  • Imaginary Tune Split and Repulsion (ITSR) instability => Due to resistive transverse dampers (often necessary for coupled-bunch operation, see below)
• Transverse coupled-bunch instabilities
  • High Q resonator instability
  • Resistive wall instability

Landau damping (2h):

• Introduction and physical origin of Landau damping
• Landau damping in coasting beams
  • Longitudinal
  • Transverse
• Landau damping in bunched beams
  • Transverse
  • Longitudinal
• Losses of Landau Damping