Dottorato in BIOLOGIA AMBIENTALE ED EVOLUZIONISTICA

Titolo della tesi: Genetic characterization of an endangered taxon: the European Lanner falcon (Falco biarmicus feldeggii)

Hierofalcons (subgenus Hierofalco; Aves: Falconidae) are a complex of four closely related species (Falco cherrug, F. biarmicus, F. rusticolus and F. jugger) that show morphological similarities and a remarkable genetic affinity because of their recent radiation. Hierofalcons are a flourishing group with a broad distribution, however, many populations are experiencing intense decline in different areas due to direct and accidental human interference. Among them, the European lanner falcon Falco biarmicus feldeggii is a highly threatened subspecies, nowadays considered on the verge of extinction with no more than 200 breeding pairs worldwide. The main purpose of the thesis was to characterise the gene pool of the European lanner, assessing the extent of its variability and differentiation from the other hierofalcon taxa inhabiting the Mediterranean basin, which showed high similarities from earlier studies. To address these issues, I investigated variation in the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA through a multi-marker approach. Samples of 146 falcons were collected from different areas and analysed. The results clearly showed that, while in the mtDNA phylogeny hierofalcons display a scattered pattern with lack of differentiation, a genetic structure was revealed in the nuclear DNA with a sharp distinction of spp. feldeggii. Additionally, using neutral Short Tandem Repeat loci, a deep assessment of the genetic diversity among and within taxa was yielded. The DNA system adopted proved suitable for multiple investigations at different hierarchical levels from (sub)species to the individual, highlighting new cues about the Mediterranean hierofalcon populations. This research represents a turning point in the genetics of these raptors, providing important insights into a group genetically poorly investigated and offering a valuable tool for their future management. The outcomes are discussed on their implications for the preservation of F. b. feldeggii, one of the most threatened European birds of prey, highlighting the critical role of the genetic research in informing and planning concrete conservation actions.